FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT Helicopters and Fixed Wing
Handbook on CD

 

Contents

PREFACE .xiv

Chapter 1 THEORY OF FLIGHT.
1-1 Section I - Physical Laws and Principles of Airflow . 1-1 Newtons Laws of Motion . 1-1 Fluid Flow . 1-2 Vectors and Scalars . 1-3 Section II - Flight Mechanics . 1-6 Airfoil Characteristics. 1-6 Airflow and Reactions in the Rotor System. 1-8 Rotor Blade Angles. 1-11 Rotor Blade Actions. 1-12 Helicopter Design and Control . 1-17 Section III - In-Flight Forces . 1-27 Total Aerodynamic Force . 1-27 Lift and Lift Equation. 1-28 Drag. 1-29 Centrifugal Force and Coning . 1-30 Torque Reaction and Antitorque Rotor (Tail Rotor) . 1-32 Balance of Forces. 1-33 Section IV - Hovering. 1-35 Airflow in Hovering Flight. 1-35 Ground Effect . 1-35 Translating Tendency. 1-38 Section V - Rotor in Translation. 1-39 Airflow in Forward Flight. 1-39 Translational Lift . 1-44 Transverse Flow Effect. 1-45 Effective Translational Lift . 1-45 Autorotation . 1-46 Section VI - Maneuvering Flight.1-55 Aerodynamics .1-55 Guidelines .1-61 Section VII - Performance.1-61 Factors Affecting Performance .1-61 Section VIII - Emergencies .1-65 Settling with Power .1-65 Dynamic Rollover.1-68 Retreating Blade Stall .1-71 Ground Resonance.1-73 Compressibility Effects.1-74

Chapter 2 WEIGHT, BALANCE, AND LOADS .
2-1 Section I - Weight .2-1 Weight Definitions .2-1 Weight Versus Aircraft Performance .2-2 Section II - Balance .2-2 Center of Gravity.2-2 Lateral Balance .2-3 Balance Definitions .2-3 Principle of Moments .2-5 Section III - Weight and Balance Calculations .2-5 Center of Gravity Computation .2-6 Section IV - Loads .2-8 Planning .2-8 Internal Loads .2-10 External Loads .2-22 Hazardous Materials .2-25

Chapter 3 ROTARY-WING ENVIRONMENTAL FLIGHT .
3-1 Section I - Cold Weather Operations.3-1 Environmental Factors .3-1 Flying Techniques.3-6 Taxiing and Takeoff .3-6 Maintenance.3-10 Training .3-12 Section II - Desert Operations.3-13 Environmental Factors .3-13 Flying Techniques.3-17 Maintenance.3-19 Training .3-21 Section III - Jungle Operations .3-22 Environmental Factors .3-22 Flying Techniques.3-24 Maintenance.3-24 Training .3-25 Section IV - Mountain Operations. 3-26 Environmental Factors . 3-26 Flying Techniques . 3-34 Maintenance . 3-47 Training. 3-47 Section V - Overwater Operations . 3-48 Environmental Factors . 3-48 Flying Techniques . 3-49 Maintenance . 3-49 Training. 3-49

Chapter 4 ROTARY-WING NIGHT FLIGHT.
4-1 Section I - Night Vision. 4-1 Night Vision Capability. 4-1 Combat Visual Impairments . 4-1 Aircraft Design . 4-2 Section II - Hemispheric Illumination and Meteorological Conditions. 4-3 Light Sources. 4-3 Other Considerations . 4-4 Section III - Terrain Interpretation . 4-5 Visual Recognition Cues . 4-5 Factors. 4-9 Other Considerations . 4-12 Section IV - Night Vision Sensors. 4-13 Electromagnetic Spectrum . 4-14 Night Vision Devices. 4-16 Thermal-Imaging Systems . 4-21 Operational Considerations. 4-22 Section V - Night Operations. 4-28 Premission Planning. 4-28 Night Flight Techniques. 4-30 Emergency and Safety Procedures. 4-37

Chapter 5 ROTARY-WING TERRAIN FLIGHT .
5-1 Section I - Terrain Flight Operations . 5-1 Mission Planning and Preparation. 5-1 Aviation Mission Planning System . 5-2 Terrain Flight Limitations . 5-2 Terrain Flight Modes. 5-2 Selection of Terrain Flight Modes. 5-4 Pickup Zone/Landing Zone Selection . 5-4 Route-Planning Considerations. 5-6 Map Selection and Preparation. 5-9 Charts, Photographs, and Objective Cards. 5-11 Route Planning Card Preparation . 5-12 Hazards to Terrain Flight. 5-14 Terrain Flight Performance. 5-16 Section II - Training.5-17 Command Responsibility .5-18 Identification of Unit/Individual Needs.5-18 Training Considerations .5-18 Training Safety .5-18

Chapter 6 MULTI-AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS .
6-1 Section I - Formation Flight.6-1 Formation Discipline .6-1 Crew Coordination .6-1 Crew Responsibilities.6-1 Considerations .6-3 Formation Breakup .6-9 Rendezvous and Join-Up Procedures.6-13 Lost Visual Contact Procedures .6-13 Communication During Formation Flight .6-14 Section II - Formation Types .6-14 Two-Helicopter Team.6-15 Fixed Formations .6-15 Maneuvering Formations .6-19 Section III - Basic Combat Maneuvers .6-23 Maneuvering Flight Communications .6-24 Basic Combat Maneuvers.6-24 Section IV - Planning Considerations and Responsibilities.6-30 Planning Considerations .6-30 Planning Responsibilities .6-31 Section V - Wake Turbulence.6-32 In-Flight Hazard .6-32 Ground Hazard .6-32 Vortex Generation.6-32 Induced Roll and Counter Control .6-33 Operational Problem Areas.6-34 Vortex Avoidance Techniques .6-34

Chapter 7 FIXED-WING AERODYNAMICS AND PERFORMANCE .
7-1 Section I - Fixed-Wing Stability.7-1 Motion Sign Principles .7-1 Static Stability.7-2 Dynamic Stability.7-3 Pitch Stability.7-4 Lateral Stability.7-12 Cross-Effects and Stability.7-14 Section II - High-Lift Devices.7-17 Purpose.7-17 Increasing the Coefficient of Lift.7-18 Types of High-Lift Devices .7-21 Section III - Stalls . 7-24 Aerodynamic Stall. 7-25 Stall Warning and Stall Warning Devices. 7-27 Stall Recovery . 7-29 Spins. 7-29 Section IV - Maneuvering Flight . 7-31 Climbing Flight. 7-31 Angle of Climb . 7-33 Rate of Climb. 7-35 Aircraft Performance in a Climb or Dive. 7-35 Turns. 7-37 Slow Flight . 7-39 Descents. 7-42 Section V - Takeoff and Landing Performance. 7-44 Procedures and Techniques . 7-44 Takeoff. 7-44 Section VI - Flight Control . 7-49 Development . 7-49 Control Surface and Operation Theory . 7-49 Longitudinal Control. 7-51 Directional Control . 7-53 Lateral Control . 7-54 Control Forces. 7-54 Control Systems . 7-57 Propellers . 7-59 Section VII - Multiengine Operations. 7-61 Twin-Engine Aircraft Performance . 7-61 Asymmetric Thrust. 7-62 Critical Engine . 7-62 Minimum Single-Engine Control Speed . 7-63 Single-Engine Climbs . 7-65 Single-Engine Level Flight. 7-67 Single-Engine Descents . 7-68 Single-Engine Approach and Landing. 7-68 Propeller Feathering. 7-68 Accelerate-Stop Distance. 7-69 Accelerate-Go Distance . 7-70

Chapter 8 FIXED-WING ENVIRONMENTAL FLIGHT .
8-1 Section I - Cold Weather/Icing Operations. 8-1 Environmental Factors . 8-1 Aircraft Equipment. 8-7 Flying Techniques . 8-10 Training. 8-15 Section II - Mountain Operations . 8-16 Environmental Factors . 8-16 Flying Techniques . 8-17 7 May 2007 FM 3-04.203 v More titles at www.govmedia.com Contents Section III - Overwater Operations .8-17 Oceanographic Terminology.8-17 Ditching .8-18 Section IV - Thunderstorm Operations .8-22 Environmental Factors .8-23 Flying Techniques.8-24 Training .8-26

Chapter 9 FIXED-WING NIGHT FLIGHT .
9-1 Section I - Preparation and Preflight.9-1 Equipment.9-1 Lighting.9-1 Parking Ramp Check .9-2 Preflight .9-2 Section II - Taxi, Takeoff, and Departure Climb .9-3 Taxi .9-3 Takeoff and Climb.9-3 Section III - Orientation and Navigation.9-4 Visibility .9-4 Maneuvers .9-5 Disorientation and Reorientation .9-5 Cross-Country Flights .9-5 Overwater Flights.9-5 Illusions .9-5 Section IV - Approaches and Landings .9-5 Distance .9-5 Airspeed .9-5 Depth Perception .9-6 Approaching Airports .9-6 Entering Traffic.9-6 Final Approach.9-6 Executing Roundout.9-7 Section V - Night Emergencies.9-9

GLOSSARY. Glossary-1

REFERENCES. References-1

INDEX . Index-1